900000000000508004: Great Britain English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)

SNOMED CT Concept\SNOMED CT Model Component\Foundation metadata concept (foundation metadata concept)\Reference set\Language type reference set (foundation metadata concept)\English [International Organization for Standardization 639-1 code en] language reference set (foundation metadata concept)\GB English

Status: current, Not sufficiently defined by necessary conditions definition status (core metadata concept). Date: 31-Jan 2002. Module: SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)

Descriptions:

Expanded Value Set

Outbound Relationships	Type	Target	Active	Characteristic	Refinability	Group	Values
GB English	Is a	English [International Organization for Standardization 639-1 code en] language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	true	Inferred relationship	Some

Members	acceptabilityId
A rare genetic haematologic disease characterised by increased levels of serum haemoglobin, haematocrit and erythrocyte mass, associated with elevated or inappropriately normal erythropoietin serum levels, occurring in various members of a family and with autosomal dominant inheritance.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic haematologic disease characterised by mild chronic haemolytic anaemia (due to highly elevated adenosine deaminase activity in red blood cells resulting in their premature destruction), elevated reticulocyte count, splenomegaly and mild hyperbilirubinaemia. Other cells and tissues are not affected.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic haematologic disorder characterised by bone marrow failure which manifests with aplastic anaemia and/or myelodysplasia, associated with hearing/ear abnormalities (such as deafness, labyrinthitis), inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the SRP72 gene on chromosome 4q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic haematologic disorder characterised by progressive trilineage bone marrow failure (with hypocellularity), developmental delay with learning disabilities and microcephaly. Mild facial dysmorphism and hypotonia have also been reported. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the ERCC6L2 gene on chromosome 9q22.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic haemoglobinopathy characterised by generally mild clinical phenotype, high fetal haemoglobin levels and mild microcytosis and hypochromia. In some cases, acute sickle cell disease manifestations were reported, namely acute chest syndrome and acute pain crisis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic haemoglobinopathy disorder due to a defect in the gama subunit of the fetal haemoglobin and characterised by neonatal cyanosis, low haemoglobin oxygen saturation levels without arterial hypoxaemia, moderate anaemia and reticulocytosis, not associated with heart or lung disease. Symptoms progressively subside within the first months of life. Can be caused by heterozygous mutation in the HBG2 gene on chromosome 11p15.5.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) characterised by infantile onset of relapsing episodes of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. The episodes are often preceded by viral infections. Affected individuals typically present persistent hypertension, haematuria and proteinuria (sometimes in the nephrotic range) and develop chronic kidney disease with age.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hair anomaly with characteristics of a prolonged anagen phase of the eyelash hairs, leading to extreme eyelash growth that may result in corneal irritation. Increased growth of hair on other parts of the face (eyebrows, cheeks, forehead) and/or the body (chest, arms, legs) may be associated. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the FGF5 gene on chromosome 4q21.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic heart-hand syndrome with characteristics of typical manifestations of the Carney complex (spotty pigmentation of the skin, familial cardiac and cutaneous myxomas and endocrinopathy) associated with trismus and distal arthrogryposis (presenting as involuntary contraction of distal and proximal interphalangeal joints of hands evident only on dorsiflexion of wrist and similar lower-limb contractures producing foot deformities).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hepatic disease characterised by massive hepatomegaly, moderate to severe transient hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis (followed by fibrosis) manifesting in infancy with failure to thrive, vomiting, an enlarged abdomen and a fatty liver. Reduction or normalisation of triglyceride serum levels occurs with advancing age. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the GPD1 gene on chromosome 12q13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hepatic disease characterised by the presence of green colouration of the skin, urine, plasma and other body fluids (ascites, breastmilk) or parts (sclerae) due to increased serum levels of biliverdin in association with biliary obstruction and/or liver failure. Association with malnutrition, medication, and congenital biliary atresia has also been reported. Can be caused by heterozygous or homozygous mutation in the gene encoding bilirubin reductase-alpha (BLVRA) on chromosome 7p13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hepatic disease with characteristics of multiple segmental cystic dilatations of both central and smaller peripheral bile ducts associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis. Age of symptom onset is variable, as is disease progression. Patients present recurrent cholangitis, hepatolithiasis and cholecystolithiasis. Portal hypertension may appear later in the disease course, and the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma is increased significantly. The syndrome is often associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hereditary poikiloderma syndrome characterised by early-onset poikiloderma (mainly on the face), hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, muscle and tendon contractures with varus foot deformity, progressive proximal and distal muscle weakness in all extremities and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Mild lymphoedema of the extremities, growth retardation, liver impairment, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and haematologic abnormalities are additional variable features. There is evidence the disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the FAM111B gene on chromosome 11q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic human prion disease characterised by adult-onset neurodegenerative manifestations associated with a movement disorder and psychiatric/behavioural disturbances. Patients typically present personality changes, aggressiveness, manias, anxiety and/or depression in conjunction with rapidly progressive cognitive decline (presenting with dysarthria, apraxia, aphasia and eventually leading to dementia) as well as ataxia (manifesting with gait disturbances, unsteadiness, coordination problems), Parkinsonism, myoclonus, and/or chorea. Additional features may include generalised spasticity, seizures, urine incontinence and pyramidal abnormalities. There is evidence the disease is caused by 8 extra octapeptide repeats in the PRNP gene on chromosome 20p13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hyperkinetic movement disorder with predominant characteristics of chorea of variable severity associated with bilateral striatal abnormalities on cerebral MRI. The disease is not progressive and cognitive performance is preserved in the majority of cases, although mild cognitive delay has also been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hyperlipidaemia characterised by excessive increase in plasma triglyceride levels due to the accumulation of chylomicrons. Clinical manifestations include recurrent episodes of severe acute pancreatitis, abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue, diarrhoea, constipation, hepatosplenomegaly, eruptive xanthomas and failure to thrive. Children may often be asymptomatic. The condition is not associated with severe atherosclerosis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hypertension with characteristics of a familial severe hypertension with an onset before age 20 years, associated with suppressed plasma renin and low aldosterone levels in the presence of low or normal levels of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, that is highly resistant to antihypertensive medication. During pregnancy, there is a marked exacerbation of hypertension, accompanied by low serum potassium levels and undetectable aldosterone levels, but without signs of preeclampsia, requiring early delivery.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic hyperthyroidism characterised by elevated levels of circulating free thyroid hormones, normal or elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone, decreased peripheral tissue responses to iodothyronine action and a highly variable clinical phenotype. The phenotype most commonly includes goitre, resting tachycardia, osteoporosis, short stature and attention deficit disorder. Some patients may be entirely asymptomatic.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic immune disease characterised by early onset of recurrent bacterial, viral and fungal infections, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, gastritis and inflammatory polyarthritis. Patients present with diarrhoea, vomiting, hepatosplenomegaly, mouth ulcers, perianal abscesses, chronic lung disease with bronchiectasis and failure to thrive. Occurrence of a skin rash associated with lymphocytic vasculitis has also been reported. Immunologic abnormalities include variable T-cell lymphopenia, decreased natural killer cells, and decreased B-cells with variable hypogammaglobulinaemia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic immune disease characterised by recurrent sinopulmonary infections and autoimmune enterocolopathy, manifesting as frequent episodes of intractable diarrhoea with abdominal pain and fever, accompanied by eczematous rashes, due to deficits in components of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunologic abnormalities include IgG subclass deficiency, impaired antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, reduced cytokine production by CD8+ T lymphocytes and decreased numbers of natural killer cells.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic immune disease with characteristics of infantile or childhood onset of combined immunodeficiency with recurrent viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, severe autoimmunity mainly manifesting as antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells, platelets and neutrophils and mild to moderate developmental delay. Laboratory findings include decreased circulating T-, B-, and natural killer cells, and hypergammaglobulinaemia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic immuno-osseous dysplasia disorder with characteristics of pre and post-natal growth retardation, hypotonia, borderline to moderate intellectual disability, retinal dystrophy, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (epiphyseal dysplasia, epiphyses ossification delay, vertebral changes) and skeletal anomalies (brachydactyly, fifth finger clinodactyly). Also associated are humeral immunodeficiency with inability to generate specific antibodies and low circulating B-cells, craniofacial dysmorphism that typically includes microcephaly, hypertelorism, long palpebral fissures, prominent eyelashes, a narrow, tubular, upturned nose with hypoplastic alae nasi, long philtrum and thin upper lip. There is evidence the disease is caused by compound heterozygous mutation in the RNU4ATAC gene on chromosome 2q14.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic immunodeficiency due to a complement cascade protein anomaly characterised by low or undetectable serum ficolin 3 levels, susceptibility to infections and possibly autoimmunity. The presentation is variable, from perinatal necrotising enterocolitis and recurrent skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus to childhood-onset recurrent pulmonary infections leading to brain abscesses and pulmonary fibrosis, to membranous nephropathy. In some patients clinical consequences of ficolin 3 deficiency were not clear. There is evidence that ficolin 3 deficiency is caused by homozygous mutation in the FCN3 gene on chromosome 1p36.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic immunodeficiency due to a complement cascade protein anomaly with characteristics of low serum levels of MASP-2 and a variable susceptibility to bacterial infections (for example pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia, skin abscesses and sepsis), and autoimmune diseases (for example inflammatory lung disease, cystic fibrosis, systemic lupus erythematosus). In many cases it remains asymptomatic. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the MASP2 gene on chromosome 1p36.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic immunological disease reported in a single consanguineous Pakistani family with several affected members presenting with severe bacterial and viral infections, recurrent hepatopathy (portal inflammation, fibrosis) and recurrent, stereotypical febrile episodes, sometimes lasting several days, with encephalopathy and difficult-to-control seizures. Variable cardiac malformations were also reported. Although there were autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)-like biological features, clinical ALPS was not present. A homozygous missense mutation in the FADD gene (11q13.3) was found in the family and the disease is thought to follow an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic inborn error of branched-chain amino acid metabolism disorder, with a highly variable clinical and biochemical phenotype. Typical characteristics are mild to severe global developmental delay, elevated methylmalonic acid and occasionally lactic acid plasma levels and chronic methylmalonic aciduria, which may be accompanied by elevation of additional organic or amino acids in urine (for example beta-alanine, methionine, 3-hydroxypropionic, 3-aminoisobutyric and/or 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid). Microcephaly, mild craniofacial dysmorphism, axial hypotonia, liver failure and central nervous system abnormalities on MRI have also been reported. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the ALDH6A1 gene on chromosome 14q24.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic inborn error of metabolism characterised by a relatively benign clinical phenotype, with only mild to moderate hepatomegaly reported, in addition to laboratory studies revealing permanent, greatly increased hypermethioninaemia, mild to moderate elevation of aminotransferases and highly elevated plasma S-adenosyl-methionine with normal S-adenosylhomocysteine and total homocysteine. The disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the GNMT gene on chromosome 6p21.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic infantile epilepsy syndrome disease with characteristics of neonatal to infancy onset myoclonic focal seizures occurring in various members of a family, associated in some with mild dysarthria, ataxia and borderline-to-moderate intellectual disability.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intellectual disability characterised by the association of intellectual disability with variable other anomalies in the absence of a well-characterised syndrome. Associated abnormalities may include facial dysmorphism, neurological signs and symptoms, behavioural problems, and abnormalities of various other organ systems.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intellectual disability malformation syndrome with characteristics of global developmental delay, intellectual disability, delayed speech and language development, epilepsy, autistic behaviour and moderate facial dysmorphism (including elongated face, narrow forehead, arched eyebrows, horizontal palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, epicanthus, midface flattening, short nose, long and featureless philtrum, thin upper lip, macrostomia and prominent chin). Additional variable manifestations include microcephaly, hypotonia, hypertrichosis and strabismus.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intellectual disability syndrome with characteristics of delayed motor and cognitive development, absence or severe delay in speech development, intellectual disability and alacrima. Achalasia/dysphagia and mild autonomic dysfunction (anisocoria) have also been reported in some patients. The phenotype is similar to the one observed in autosomal recessive Triple A syndrome, but differs by the presence of intellectual disability in all affected individuals.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intellectual disability syndrome with characteristics of macrocephaly, hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features (wide forehead, ptosis, downslanting palpebral fissures, enlarged and calcified external ears, large jaw), sparse body hair and tall stature. Hearing loss, insulin-resistant diabetes, and progressive distal muscle wasting (leading to joint contractures) have also been reported in adulthood. Rare manifestations include hypothyroidism, cerebral calcification, ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. There is evidence this disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the ZBTB20 gene on chromosome 3q13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intellectual disability syndrome with characteristics of severe global developmental delay with intellectual disability, microcephaly, growth retardation, ocular defects such as congenital cataract and naevus flammeus simplex on the forehead. Cardiac, urogenital, and skeletal abnormalities, as well as seizures are present in most patients. Dysmorphic craniofacial features include sparse hair, downslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, broad and overhanging nasal tip and short philtrum among others. The syndrome is caused by homozygous variants in the MED25 gene (19q13.33), coding for a component of the mediator complex. This complex is required for transcription of most RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Transmission is autosomal recessive.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic interstitial lung disease with characteristics of accumulation of lipoproteins in the pulmonary alveoli leading to restrictive lung disease and respiratory failure. Patients present with dyspnoea, tachypnoea, cough, failure to thrive and digital clubbing. Liver disease has been described in some cases including hepatomegaly, steatosis, fibrosis or cirrhosis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic interstitial lung disease with characteristics of diffuse lung disease of variable phenotype ranging from severe respiratory insufficiency in infancy to asymptomatic adults, due to surfactant protein C deficiency. Typical presentation in infancy includes dyspnoea, cough, wheezing and gradual cyanosis, with or without failure to thrive. Radiological findings include diffuse ground-glass opacities in neonates, later interstitial thickening associated with lung hyperinflation, intraparenchymal/subpleural cysts, honeycombing, subpleural nodules, or bronchiectasis. Infiltrates and air leaks are frequent complications.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intestinal disease characterised by early-onset chronic non-infectious, non-bloody, watery diarrhoea associated with protein-losing enteropathy, which results in hypoalbuminaemia, hypogammaglobulinaemia and elevated stool alpha-1-antitrypsin. Patients typically present severe, intractable diarrhoea, failure to thrive, recurrent infections and oedema. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the DGAT1 gene.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intestinal disease with characteristics of early-onset chronic diarrhoea and intestinal inflammation due to overactivity of guanylate cyclase 2C. Additional manifestations include meteorism, dehydration, metabolic acidosis and electrolyte disturbances. Intestinal dysmotility, small-bowel obstruction and oesophagitis (with or without oesophageal hernia), as well as irritable bowel syndrome (without severe abdominal pain) and Crohn's disease are frequently associated. There is evidence the disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the GUCY2C gene on chromosome 12p12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic intestinal disease with the presence of multiple (usually large) hyperplastic/serrated colorectal polyps, usually with a pancolonic distribution. Histology reveals hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas (most common), traditional serrated adenomas or mixed polyps. It is associated with an increased personal and familial (first-degree relatives) risk of colorectal cancer. There is evidence this disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the RNF43 gene on chromosome 17q22.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated constitutional thrombocytopenia disease with characteristics of decreased platelet counts not associated with platelet morphology or function impairment, in multiple members of a family. Manifestations are variable, typically ranging from asymptomatic to mild bleeding diathesis (e.g. easy bruising, epistaxis, petechiae). Occasionally, a more severe bleeding tendency has been associated and a mild predisposition to infection and eczema has been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated constitutional thrombocytopenia disease with characteristics of impaired platelet aggregation resulting from a defect in thromboxane synthesis or signaling, manifesting with mild to moderate mucocutaneous, gastrointestinal or surgical bleeding (for example easy bruising, prolonged epistaxis, excessive bleeding after a tooth extraction). Conferred by heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding the thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) on chromosome 19p13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma with characteristics of diffuse, mild to thick finely demarcated hyperkeratosis of palms and soles. Additional clinical findings include knuckle pad-like keratoses on fingers, hyperkeratosis of umbilicus and areola, diffuse dry skin, hyperhidrosis, hangnails and frequent fungal infections. Histological examination of lesions reveals orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, hypergranulosis and mild lymphocyte infiltrations in the upper dermis with no evidence of epidermolysis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated dystonia initially presenting as torticollis and later progressing to segmental or generalised dystonia. Dysphonia and dysarthria also occur later in the disease course.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated dystonia with characteristics of a variable combination of cervical dystonia with tremor, blepharospasm, oromandibular and laryngeal dystonia. Dystonia progresses slowly and might spread to become segmental. Arm tremor and myoclonic jerks in the arms or neck have also been reported. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the ANO3 gene on chromosome 11p14.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated dystonia with characteristics of adult-onset non-progressive focal cervical dystonia typically manifesting with torticollis and occasionally accompanied by mild head tremor and essential-type limb tremor.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated focal palmoplantar keratoderma disease with characteristics of focal thickening of the skin of the soles and often of the palms, associated with minimal or no nail involvement. Patients frequently present non-epidermolytic painful plantar blistering and occasionally subtle oral leukokeratosis or plantar hyperhidrosis. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the KRT6C gene on chromosome 12q13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated palmoplantar keratoderma disorder with characteristics of focal hyperkeratotic lesions affecting the pressure and mechanical trauma bearing areas of the palms and soles, as well as hyperkeratotic plaques involving joints, including knees, elbows, ankles and dorsa of interphalangeal joints. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the DSG1 gene on chromosome 18q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic isolated palmoplantar keratoderma disorder with characteristics of non-epidermolytic, diffuse hyperkeratotic lesions affecting both the palms and the soles, associated with a tendency of painful fissuring. Contrary to the clinical findings, histologic examination reveals findings suggestive of keratosis palmoplantaris striata, with ortho hyperkeratosis featuring widening of the intercellular spaces and dis-adhesion of keratocytes in the upper epidermal layers. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the DSG1 gene on chromosome 18q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with characteristics of hydranencephaly and diaphragmatic hernia along with macrocephaly, a widely open anterior fontanel, scaphoid abdomen and hypotonia. Additionally, congenital heart defects, polyhydramnios and pulmonary hypertension have also been associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterised by consistently abnormal facial appearance, true or apparent hydrocephalus, motor and cognitive developmental delay, failure to thrive (feeding difficulties, vomiting, chest infections) and death within a few months of birth. Carp mouth, hairiness of the forehead, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and advanced bone age may also be associated. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1991.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of early intrauterine growth retardation, generalised oedema, craniofacial dysmorphism (such as microcephaly, brachycephaly, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, short palpebral fissures, or absent nasal bone), cerebellar hypoplasia, sex reversal in male fetuses, congenital heart defects (including septal and valve defects and cardiomegaly) and late fetal loss.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of facial dysmorphism (including long, downward slanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, posteriorly rotated ears, broad nasal bridge, short nose with a bulbous tip and anteverted nares, downturned corners of the mouth) as well as vertebral (occult spina bifida, hemivertebrae), brain (ventricular dilatation, agenesis of corpus callosum), cardiac (tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect) and gastrointestinal (short oesophagus with intrathoracic stomach, small intestine, spleen and pancreas, anal atresia) malformations. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1991.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of failure to thrive, severe developmental delay, severe postnatal microcephaly, frequent congenital cardiac defects and characteristic facial dysmorphism (including coarse face with anteverted nostrils, thin vermillion, prominent alveolar ridge and retro or micrognathia). Additional common features include neurologic abnormalities (hyper/hypotonia, sensorineural deafness, hydrocephalus, cerebral atrophy, seizures), as well as brachydactyly, cutis marmorata and genital anomalies. Caused by homozygous mutation in the FTO gene on chromosome 16q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of mid-gestation lethality and features of a ciliopathy. Clinical manifestations include hydrocephalus, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, corpus callosum agenesis, duodenal atresia, gastrointestinal malrotation, bilateral renal hypoplasia and dysmorphic craniofacial features (such as microcephaly, hypertelorism, low-set ears, prominent nose, short columella, cleft palate, micrognathia and wide mouth).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of severe hydranencephaly and renal dysplasia or agenesis. Pregnancy is complicated by oligo or anhydramnios, leading to features of Potter sequence (including typical facies and microretrognathia, limb contractures, talipes equinovarus, and pulmonary hypoplasia) in the fetus. Affected fetuses either die in utero or shortly after birth. Histology of the brain shows widespread presence of multinucleated neurons and glial cells.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal neurometabolic disease characterised by congenital cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss, severe psychomotor developmental delay, severe generalised muscular hypotonia and central nervous system abnormalities (including cerebellar and cerebral hypoplasia, hypomyelination, wide subarachnoid spaces) in the presence of low serum copper and ceruloplasmin. Nystagmus and seizures have also been reported. The disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the SLC33A1 gene on chromosome 3q25.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal neurometabolic malformation syndrome with characteristics of multiple variable congenital cardiac (systolic murmur, atrial septal defect), urinary (duplicated collecting system, vesicoureteral reflux) and central nervous system (thin corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia) malformations associated with neonatal hypotonia, early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and myoclonic seizures. Craniofacial dysmorphism (prominent occiput, enlarged fontanelle, fused metopic suture, upslanted palpebral fissures, over folded helix, depressed nasal bridge, anteverted nose, malar flattening, Pierre-Robin sequence, high arched palate, short neck) and other manifestations (joint contractures, hyperreflexia, dysplastic nails, developmental delay) are also observed. Caused by mutation in the PIGA gene on chromosome Xp22.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal non-dystrophic congenital myopathy disorder characterised, antenatally, by fetal akinesia, intrauterine growth restriction and polyhydramnios, and, following birth, by severe neonatal hypotonia, severe generalised skeletal, bulbar and respiratory muscle weakness, multiple flexion contractures, and normal creatine kinase serum levels. Ultrastructurally, loss of integrin alpha7, beta2-syntrophin and alpha-dystrobrevin from the muscle sarcolemma and disruption of sarcomeres with disorganisation of the Z band are observed. There is evidence this disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the CNTN1 gene on chromosome 12q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lethal primary bone dysplasia with characteristics of dysmorphic craniofacial features (low-set, posteriorly rotated ears, hypertelorism, megalophthalmos, flattened and hypoplastic midface, micrognathia), hypomineralisation of the calvarium, craniosynostosis, hypoplastic clavicles and pubis and bent long bones (particularly involving the femora). Caused by germline mutations in the FGFR2 gene. Prematurely erupted fetal teeth, osteopenia, hirsutism, clitoromegaly, gingival hyperplasia, and hepatosplenomegaly with extramedullary hematopoesis may also be associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic leucodystrophy characterised by developmental delay, increased muscle tone leading later to spasticity, mild ataxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, intentional tremor, and mild intellectual disability. Brain imaging reveals supratentorial and infratentorial hypomyelination.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic leucodystrophy identified in families of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, characterised by infancy onset of severe global developmental delay with very limited or absent speech and sometimes complete absence of motor development, hypotonia, spasticity and acquired microcephaly. Seizures, hearing loss, visual impairment and autonomic dysfunction have also been described. Brain imaging shows delayed myelination and other white matter abnormalities.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic leukodystrophy disorder with characteristics of diffuse hypomyelination in the supratentorial brain white matter, brain stem and spinal cord. Patients usually present nystagmus, lower limb spasticity, hypotonia and motor developmental delay as well as MRI signal abnormalities involving the corpus callosum, anterior brainstem, pyramidal tracts, superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles, dorsal columns and/or lateral corticospinal tracts. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the DARS gene on chromosome 2q21.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic limb malformation syndrome with characteristics of multiple congenital distal joint contractures (including talipes equinovarus and both proximal and distal interphalangeal joint contractures of the hands) and very severe motor paralysis at birth (such as lack of swallowing, autonomous respiratory function and deep tendon reflexes), leading to death within first 3 months of life. Fetal hypo or akinesia, late-onset polyhydramnios and dramatically reduced, or absent, motor nerve conduction velocities are frequently associated. Nerve ultrastructural morphology shows severe abnormalities of the nodes of Ranvier and myelinated axons.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic limb reduction defects syndrome with characteristics of bilateral radial aplasia/hypoplasia manifesting with absent/short forearms in association with anogenital abnormalities (for example hypospadias or imperforate anus). Additional features reported include hydrocephalus and absent preaxial digits. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1993.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lipodystrophy with characteristics of abnormal subcutaneous fat distribution, resulting in excess accumulation of fat in the face, neck, shoulders, axilla, trunk and pubic region, and loss of subcutaneous fat from the lower extremities. Variable common additional features are progressive adult onset myopathy, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertriglyceridaemia, hepatic steatosis, and vitiligo.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lipodystrophy with characteristics of abnormal subcutaneous fat distribution, resulting in preservation of visceral, neck and axillary fat and absence of lower limb and gluteofemoral subcutaneous fat. Additional clinical features are acanthosis nigricans, insulin-resistant type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension, leading to pancreatitis, hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lipodystrophy with characteristics of loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue primarily affecting the lower limbs and gluteal region due to a defect in the PLIN1 gene. Associated features of insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, axillary acanthosis nigricans and muscular hypertrophy of the lower limbs are typical. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the PLIN1 gene on chromosome 15q26.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia subtype with characteristics of classical lissencephaly with thickened cortical grey matter (with either no discernable gradient, a predominantly posterior gradient, or a predominantly anterior gradient) associated with variable predominantly midline cerebellar hypoplasia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia subtype with characteristics of the presence of lissencephaly with an abrupt transition, near the boundary between the frontal and parietal cortex, from frontal agyria to posterior gyral simplification, associated with cerebellar hypoplasia which predominantly affects the midline vermis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic lymphoproliferative syndrome characterised by early onset recurrent infections, lymphadenopathy with hepatosplenomegaly and variable autoimmune disorders, including haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, enteropathy, type I diabetes, scleroderma, arthritis, atopic dermatitis, and inflammatory lung disease. Patients commonly have failure to thrive. Variable immunologic findings include decreased regulatory T-cells, hypogammaglobulinaemia, and reduction in memory B cells.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic macular dystrophy with characteristics of blurred vision, metamorphopsia and mild visual impairment secondary to a slightly elevated yellow egg yolk-like lesion located in the foveal or parafoveal region. Clinical onset is typically between the fourth and sixth decade of life. The mechanism underlying the physiopathology is unknown. An autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expression and incomplete penetrance is suggested but the disease can also be sporadic without evidence of a familial inheritance pattern.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic male infertility due to oligozoospermia (number of sperm in the ejaculate inferior to 15 million/mL) resulting from a mutation in a single gene known to cause oligozoospermia. Sperm morphology may be normal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic male infertility due to sperm disorder with characteristics of the presence of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology, such as macrozoospermia or globozoospermia, in over 85% of sperm, resulting from mutation in a single gene known to cause teratozoospermia. It is a heterogeneous group that includes a wide range of abnormal sperm phenotypes affecting, solely or simultaneously, head, neck, midpiece and/or tail.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic male infertility with characteristics of azoospermia resulting from a mutation in a single gene known to cause azoospermia. Sperm morphology may be normal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic malformation disorder with characteristics of cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, contractures of the lower extremities, abnormal external genitalia, syndactyly of fingers and/or toes, and a pyramidal skin fold over the hallux nail. Associated with mutations in the IRF6 gene (1q32.2-q32.3) which is involved in the formation of connective and epithelial tissues. Follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic malformation syndrome with characteristics of microcephaly, borderline intellectual disability, hyperpigmentation of the skin, short stature, and ventricular extrasystoles. Cardiac syncope may also be associated. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1975.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic malformation syndrome with short stature characterised by postnatal microcephaly, failure to thrive, global developmental delay and intellectual disability, hypotonia, dysmorphic features (short nose, depressed nasal bridge, low set ears, short neck, clinodactyly and cutaneous syndactyly of T2-3 at birth and broad forehead, midface retrusion, epicanthal folds, laterally sparse eyebrows, short nose, long philtrum, widely spaced teeth, micrognathia and coarsening of facial features later in life). Other associated features include postnatal transient generalised oedema, myopia, strabismus, hypothyroidism.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic metabolic liver disease with characteristics of progressive neurodegeneration, cutaneous abnormalities including varying degrees of ichthyosis or seborrhoeic dermatitis, and systemic iron overload. Patients manifest with infantile-onset seizures, encephalopathy, abnormal eye movements, axial hypotonia with peripheral hypertonia, brisk reflexes, cortical blindness and deafness, myoclonus and hepato/splenomegaly, as well as oral manifestations including microdontia, widely spaced and pointed teeth with delayed eruption and gingival overgrowth.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic metabolite absorption and transport disorder characterised by progressive rod-cone dystrophy, usually presenting with impaired night vision in childhood, progressive loss of visual acuity and severe retinol deficiency without keratomalacia. Association with ocular colobomas, severe acne and hypercholesterolaemia has been reported. There is evidence the disease can be caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the RBP4 gene chromosome 10q23.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome characterised by neonatal or early-infantile onset hepatopathy (manifesting with hepatomegaly, cholestasis, increased transaminases, coagulopathy, hypoalbuminaemia, ascites, and/or liver failure), associated with renal tubulopathy and progressive neurodegenerative manifestations, which include muscular atrophy, hyporeflexia, ataxia, sensory neuropathy, epilepsy, sensorineural hearing impairment, psychomotor regression, athetosis, nystagmus, and/or ophthalmoplegia. Patients typically present with recurrent vomiting, severe failure to thrive, feeding difficulties, and fasting hypoglycaemia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome with characteristics of severely reduced mitochondrial DNA content due to DGUOK deficiency typically manifesting with early-onset liver dysfunction, psychomotor delay, hypotonia, rotary nystagmus that develops into opsoclonus, lactic acidosis and hypoglycaemia. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the DGUOK gene on chromosome 2p13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial DNA-related mitochondrial myopathy disorder with characteristics of slowly progressive muscular weakness (proximal greater than distal), predominantly involving the facial muscles and scapular girdle, associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Neurological involvement and congenital myopathy may be variably observed. The phenotype is caused by mutation in the mitochondrially-encoded tRNA-glu gene (MTTE).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial disease with characteristics of early-onset progressive renal failure, manifesting with hyperuricaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis, elevated BUN and polyuria, associated with systemic manifestations which include pulmonary hypertension, failure to thrive, global developmental delay, hypotonia and ventricular hypertrophy. Additional features include prematurity, elevated serum lactate, diabetes mellitus and in some pancytopenia. Caused by homozygous mutation in the SARS2 gene, which encodes mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase on chromosome 19q13.2.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial disorder due to a defect in mitochondrial protein synthesis with characteristics of infantile-onset severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (that occasionally progresses to dilated cardiomyopathy) associated with failure to thrive, global development delay, muscular hypotonia, elevated serum lactate and complex I deficiency in skeletal muscle biopsy. Intellectual disability, pericardial effusion and a mild cardiac phenotype have been also reported. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the ELAC2 gene on chromosome 17p12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial myopathy disorder with characteristics of congenital cataract, progressive muscular hypotonia that particularly affects the lower limbs, reduced deep tendon reflexes, sensorineural hearing loss, global development delay and lactic acidosis. Muscle biopsy reveals reduced complex I, II and IV respiratory chain activity. Can be caused by mutations in the GFER gene.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder that may present with a wide range of symptoms (including muscular hypotonia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, psychomotor delay, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria) and clinical syndromes including Neuropathy, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome and Maternally inherited Leigh (MILS) syndrome.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder with characteristics of a highly variable phenotype which ranges from a fatal neonatal/infantile encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis, hyporeflexia/areflexia, severe hypotonia and respiratory failure to less severe cases presenting with central hypotonia, global developmental delay, congenital sensorineural hearing loss and renal disease. Additional variably observed clinical features include intellectual disability, seizures, and cardiomyopathy. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the RMND1 gene on chromosome 6q25.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder with characteristics of either late-onset myopathy with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and muscular weakness (predominantly limb-girdle) or early-onset myopathy presenting with decreased fetal movements, congenital ptosis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, hypotonia and variably joint contractures. Reduced content and multiple deletions of mitochondrial DNA is observed in muscle biopsy. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the DNA2 gene on chromosome 10q.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder with characteristics of infantile-onset encephalomyopathy presenting with developmental delay, slowly progressive hemiplegia, intractable epileptic seizures and asymmetrical brain atrophy with dilatation of the ipsilateral ventricle system. Additional features include optic atrophy, mildly increased plasma and/or CSF lactate and decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity in skeletal muscle biopsy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder with characteristics of intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, hypotonia, vision impairment, speech and language delay and lactic acidosis with reduced respiratory chain activity (typically complex I). Additional features may include macrocytic anaemia, tremor, muscular atrophy, dysmetria and mild intellectual disability. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the SFXN4 gene on chromosome 10q26.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder with characteristics of potentially life-threatening severe myopathy manifesting in the neonatal to early infantile period, followed by marked spontaneous improvement of muscular function by early childhood. Associated biochemical findings include lactic acidosis and a transient marked decrease in respiratory chain activity.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic mixed autoinflammatory and autoimmune syndrome with characteristics of chronic systemic autoinflammation (presenting as recurrent fever in the neonatal or infantile period) and combined immunodeficiency (manifesting as recurrent viral and invasive bacterial infections). Muscular amylopectinosis may be subclinical or be complicated by myopathy/cardiomyopathy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic motor neuron disease with characteristics of adult-onset of slowly progressive proximal muscular weakness with fasciculations, amyotrophy, cramps and absent/hypoactive reflexes without bulbar or pyramidal involvement. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) on chromosome 20q13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic motor neuron disease with characteristics of decreased or absent fetal movements, congenital proximal and distal joint contractures (consistent with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita) and multiple congenital fractures of the long bones. Further manifestations are neonatal respiratory distress, severe muscular hypotonia, areflexia, dysphagia, congenital heart defects, and dysmorphic facial features. Muscle biopsy shows increased fibre-size variation and grouping of larger type I fibres. The disease is usually fatal in infancy due to respiratory failure.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic motor neuron disease with characteristics of late childhood or adolescent onset of slowly progressive severe distal limb muscle weakness and wasting, in association with pyramidal signs, normal sensation and absence of bulbar involvement. Leads to degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic motor neuron disease with characteristics of progressive early respiratory failure associated with diaphragm paralysis, distal muscular weakness, joint contractures, and axial hypotonia with preserved antigravity limb movements. The phenotype overlaps considerably with SMARD type 1 but is differentiated by a mutation in a different gene.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic motor neuron disease with characteristics of slowly progressive predominantly proximal muscular weakness and atrophy which typically manifests with muscle cramps, fasciculations, decreased/absent deep tendon reflexes, hand tremor and elevated serum creatine kinase at onset and later associates gait disturbances and impaired vibration sensation. There is evidence the disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the CHCHD10 gene on chromosome 22q11.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic movement disorder with characteristics of autosomal dominant, adult-onset, slowly progressive, multifocal, cortical myoclonus. Patients present somatosensory-evoked, brief, jerky, involuntary movements in the face, arms and legs, associated in most of cases with sustained, multiple, sudden falls without loss of consciousness. Seizures or other neurological deficits, aside from mild cerebellar ataxia late in the course of the illness, are absent. The disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the NOL3 gene on chromosome 16q22.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic movement disorder with characteristics of involuntary movements on one side of the body that mirror intentional movements on the opposite side of the body, which are present in various first-degree members of a family, persist beyond the first decade of life, and have no associated comorbidities.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with characteristics of congenital heart defects (for example coarctation of the aorta with or without atrioventricular canal and subaortic stenosis), associated with tongue hamartomas, postaxial hand polydactyly and toe syndactyly. There is evidence the disease is caused by compound heterozygous mutation in the WDPCP gene on chromosome 2p15.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with characteristics of second branchial arch anomalies (branchial cysts and fistulae), malformations of the outer, middle and inner ear associated with sensorineural, mixed or conductive hearing loss and the absence of renal abnormalities. Typical ear findings consist of malformed auricles (lop or cupped ears), preauricular pits and/or tags, and middle and/or inner ear dysplasias (including cochlear, vestibular and semicircular channel hypoplasia, malformation of the ossicles and of middle ear space).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with characteristics of short stature, hand brachydactyly with hypoplastic distal phalanges, global development delay, intellectual disability and more variably; seizures, obesity, and craniofacial dysmorphism that includes microcephaly, high forehead, flat face, hypertelorism, deep set eyes, flat nasal bridge, averted nostrils, long philtrum, thin lip vermilion and short neck. The malformation is due to a loss of function in the enzyme protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7 (encoded by PRMT7, 16q22.1) resulting in decreased levels of protein arginine methylation. Transmission is autosomal recessive.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)

Start Previous Page 153 of 12712 Next End

Reference Sets

Reference set descriptor

Back to Start

Id	Description	Lang	Type	Status	Case?	Module
900000000001112010	Great Britain English language reference set	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)
900000000001113017	GB English	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)
900000000001114011	Great Britain English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	en	Fully specified name	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)